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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

The emergence of early capitalism in the Mughal period was primarily due to urbanisation and commercialisation. Comment.

  • UPSC 2019
  • Economy and Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries

Mughal India in the 17th century displayed nearly every visible symptom of an economy approaching capitalism — vast merchant fortunes, sophisticated credit instruments, large-scale commodity production — and yet it never crossed into industrial capitalism, making the "primarily due to" in the question worth testing rather than simply accepting.

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What the full answer covers

  • How Urbanisation Fed Early Capitalism
  • How Commercialisation Fed Early Capitalism
  • Why Urbanisation and Commercialisation Were Not Sufficient

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