The constitutional provisions in India on the subject of distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States are defined primarily under its articles 245 and 246.
Seventh Schedule embodies three lists; namely, the Union list (List I), the State list (List II), and the Concurrent list (List III).
The Union list enumerates a total of 97 subjects over which the power of the Union parliament extends.
Similarly, the State list enumerates a total of 61 subjects for state legislation.
The schedule also spells out a Concurrent list embodying a total of 47 subjects on which both the Union parliament and the state legislatures are empowered to legislate, though this is subject to the other provisions of the constitution that give precedence to the union legislation over that of the states.
In addition to demarcating the subjects of Union legislation from those of the states, Article 248 of the constitution also envisages residual powers not contemplated in either of the Union or State lists for the Union. It provides, “The Union Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or the State List.”
Additionally, the constitution also empowers the Union parliament via clause 4 of the Article 246 to legislate for the Union territories on all subjects, including those enumerated in the State list.
Union List of Seventh Schedule
The Union List, also known as List-I, is a list of 97 numbered items (after 101st Constitutional amendment act 2016, entry 92 and 92c removed) given in Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India.
The Union Government or Parliament of India has exclusive power to legislate on matters relating to these items.
These 97 numbered items are:
Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.
Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
2A.Deployment of any armed forces of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment.
Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas.
Naval, military and air force works.
Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives.
Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production.
Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war.
Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country.
Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
United Nations Organisation.
Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat.
Entering into with foreign countries and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign Countries.
War and peace.
Foreign jurisdiction.
Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
Extradition.
Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas.
Pilgrimages to places outside India.
Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
Railways.
Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways.
Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament by law to be national waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways.
Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft.
Ports declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein.
Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamen’s and marine hospitals.
Airways aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation of air traffic, and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in mechanically propelled vessels.
Posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication.
Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides.
Acquisition or requisitioning of property for the purposes of the Union(As per Seventh Amendment) Act,1956
Courts of wards for the estates of Rulers of Indian States.
Public debt of the Union.
Currency, coinage and legal tender; foreign exchange.
Foreign loans.
Reserve Bank of India.
Post Office Savings Bank.
Lotteries organised by the Government of India or the Government of a State.
Trade and commerce with foreign countries import and export across customs frontiers definition of customs frontiers.
Inter-State trade and commerce.
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading Corporations, including banking, insurance and financial corporations but not including Co-operative Societies.
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including universities.
Banking.
Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other like instruments.
Insurance.
Stock exchanges and futures markets.
Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade-marks and merchandise marks.
Establishment of standards of weight and measure.
Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported from one State to another.
Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.
Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil-fields.
Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters.
Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies; regulations and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies.
Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium.
Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition.
Industrial disputes concerning Union employees.
The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the National Library, the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the Victoria Memorial and the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Benares Hindu University, the Aligarh Muslim University and the Delhi University; the University established in pursuance of Article 371-E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance.
Union agencies and institutions for –
(a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or
(b) the promotion of special studies or research; or
(c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime.
Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions.
Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations.
Census.
Union public services; all-India services; Union Public Service Commission.
Union Pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and Vice-President; the Election Commission.
Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
Powers, privileges and Immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members and the Committees of each House enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament.
Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the President and Governors salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the Salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor General.
Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein persons entitled to practice before the Supreme Court.
Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practice before the High Courts.
Extensions of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High Court from any Union territory.
Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
Inter-state migration; inter-State quarantine.
Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
Duties of customs including export duties.
Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except—
(a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption.
(b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
Corporation tax.
Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies.
Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land.
Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land.
Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights.
Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets.
Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and receipts.
Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein. (omitted as per 101st Amendment Act).
92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
92B.Taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
92C.Taxes on services. (omitted as per 101st Amendment Act)
Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List.
Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List admiralty jurisdiction.
Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.
Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.
State List of Seventh Schedule
The State List or List-II is a list of 61 items. Initially there were 66 items in the list in Schedule Seven to the Constitution of India.
If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of State is repugnant to any provision of a lawmade by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void.
There is an exception to this in cases “where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State.”
The 59 items currently on the list are:
Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power).
Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of Entry 2-A of List-I.
Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the Supreme Court.
Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions.
Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations, improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries.
Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
Relief for the disabled and unemployable.
Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds.
Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III.[Entry 11 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]
Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other means of communication not specified in List I; municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such water-ways; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles.
Agriculture, including agricultural education and research; protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases.
Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice.
Ponds and the prevention of cattle trespass.
Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I.
Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land improvement and agricultural loans; colonization.
Forests[Entry 19 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]
Protection of wild animals and birds.[Entry 20 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]
Fisheries.
Courts of wards; subject to the provisions of Entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates.
Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union.
Industries subject to the provisions of Entries 7 and 52 of List I.
Gas and gas-works.
Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
Markets and fairs.
Weights and measures except establishment of standards.[Entry 29 omitted by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]
Money-lending and money-lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness.
Inns and inn-keepers.
Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations; co-operative societies.
Theatres and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of Entry 60 of List I; sports, entertainments and amusements.
Betting and gambling.
Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State.
Acquisition or requisitioning of property, except for the purposes of the Union, subject to the provisions of entry 42 of List III.
Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
Salaries and allowances of members of the legislature of the State, of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State.
Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
State public services; State Public Service Commission.
State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
Public debt of the State.
Treasure trove.
Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues.
Taxes on agricultural income.
Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
Estate duty in respect of agricultural land.
Taxes on lands and buildings.
Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development.
Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India –
(a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption
(b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein. (As per One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or commerce of such goods.(Subs.)
Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers [and advertisements broadcast by radio or television] (As per One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways.
Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, including tram-cars subject to the provisions of Entry 35 of List III [Concurrent list].
Taxes on animals and boats.
Tolls.
Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
Capitation taxes.
Taxes on entertainments and amusements to the extent levied and collected by a Panchayat or a Municipality or a Regional Council or a District Council.
Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty.
Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this list.
Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this list.
Fees in respect of any of the matters in this list, but not including fees taken in any court.
Concurrent List of Seventh Schedule
The Concurrent List or List-III is a list of 52 items (though the last subject is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.
It includes the power to be considered by both the union and state government.
Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, Five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are:
Education (List-III: 25)
Forests (List-III: 17-A)
Weights & Measures (List-III: 33-A)
Protection of Wild Animals and Birds (List-III: 17-B)
Administration of Justice (List-III: 11-A)
Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in the concurrent list. If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void.
There is an exception to this in cases “where a law is made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State.”
The 52 items currently on the list are:
Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power.
Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution.
Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such detention.
Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in Entry 3 of this list.
Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law.
Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents.
Contracts including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land.
Actionable wrongs
Bankruptcy and insolvency.
Trust and Trustees.
Administrators – general and official trustees.
11-A. Administration of justice; constitution and Organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings.
Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration.
Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court.
Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes.
Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics and mental deficients.
Prevention of cruelty to animals.
17-A. Forests.
17-B. Protection of wild animals and birds.
Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.
Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of Entry 59 of List I with respect to opium.
Economic and social planning.
20-A. Population control and family planning.
Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.
Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment.
Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers’ liability, workmen’s compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits.
Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour.
Legal, medical and other professions.
Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.
Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions.
Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports.
Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.
Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,-
(a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same kind as such products
(b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils
(c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates
(d) raw cotton, whether ginned or not ginned, and cotton seed; and
(e) raw jute.
33-A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.
Price control.
Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied.
Factories.
Boilers.
Electricity.
Newspapers, books and printing presses.
Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property.
Acquisition and requisitioning of property.
Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.
Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty.
Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III.
Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the matters in this List.
Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.
Residuary Powers
The Residuary powers refer to the exercising of jurisdiction on subjects that are not mentioned either in the state list or the concurrent list.
The subjects like cyber laws, Information Technology, etc., are included in the residual list.
Ideally, just topics are handled by the union government, and under Article 248, the parliament can exercise its authority to decide such subjects.
Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.
Issues with 7th Schedule Indian Constitution
The first issue concerning the seven schedules in the Indian Constitution is that according to it, there should be separate powers for state and union where no one should interfere with each other. However, in some matters, the Union has the leverage to extend its duration over some subjects mentioned in the state list.
For example, if any law made by the state legislature is unacceptable to the Parliament or the central government, under Article 254 Union has the right to void the law. In such cases, the law made by Parliament will prevail over the state.
Any legislation not covered by the state list of the concurrent list must be passed by the parliament, which has the sole authority to make any laws about them under Article 248.
The parliament is solely authorized to make the laws about National interest in the state list under Article 249.
Several states have been arguing and demanding providing them with more authority in health restructuring the 7th schedule.
The P.V. Rajamannar Committee was formed in 1969 and examined the relationship between the Centre and the states.
Based on it, the committee made recommendations, demanding federalism at the centre and the autonomy of states.
On some grounds, the state and union’s roles are quite uncertain. For example, during the pandemic, the Union imposed a public curfew by invoking the Disaster Management Act 2005. In contrast, the states imposed the curfew by invoking the Epidemic Disease Act of 1897.
Need to relook and revise the Seventh Schedule:
Over time, many constitutional amendments have led to changes in the Seventh Schedule. An item from the state list moving to the concurrent list, or an item from the concurrent list moving to the Union list, represents centralization.
The 1976 amendment was a clear push towards centralization. Thus, amendments to the Seventh Schedule since 1950 have reinforced centralization, and not neutralized that trend
The 1971 report of Rajamannar Committee, formally known as Centre-State Relations Inquiry Committee, put it thus: “The Committee is of the opinion that it is desirable to constitute a High Power Commission, consisting of eminent lawyers and jurists and elderly statesmen with administrative experience to examine the entries of Lists I and III in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution and suggest redistribution of the entries.
Most people will agree India’s administrative and governance template needs greater decentralization. The substantive point is about a re-look at the Seventh Schedule.
There are pending reforms pertain to factor markets—land, labour, natural resources. In a heterogeneous country, the labour conditions are not uniform across the states. In global negotiations, it is often argued that country at different levels of development value labour, or the environment, differently. That logic should also apply to the states, which are at different levels of development. Hence, should labour be on the concurrent list, or should be moved to the state list
Commissions that delved into Union-state relations have typically focused on other matters (such as Article 356), treating the Seventh Schedule in passing. The Seventh Schedule deserves independent scrutiny, asking questions on the basis of first principles.
