Q. The term “ACE2” is talked about in the context of

• genes introduced in the genetically modified plants
• development of India’s own satellite navigation system
• radio collars for wildlife tracking
• spread of viral diseases

Answer: (d) spread of viral diseases

ACE2

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an enzyme attached to the membrane of cells in the intestines, kidney, testis, gallbladder, and heart.
• The angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as an entry point for coronavirus into the Human Body.
• ACE2 is discussed in the context of the spread of viral disease.
• ACE2 is a protein on the surface of many cell types. It is an enzyme that generates small proteins – by cutting up the larger protein angiotensinogen that then goes on to regulate functions in the cell.
• Using the spike-like protein on its surface, the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to ACE2– like a key being inserted into a lock – before entry and infection of cells. Hence, ACE2 acts as a cellular doorway – a receptor– for the virus that causes COVID-19.  
• SARS-CoV-2 uses a human enzyme called ACE2 to enter into the cells of its host.
• ACE2 lowers blood pressure in the human body and works against another enzyme known as ACE (which has the opposite effect).
• The virus causes the levels of ACE to fall in the lungs and consequently pushes up the levels of ACE2.
• This happens as a chain reaction and increases the levels of the molecule bradykinin in the cells, causing a bradykinin storm.
• Bradykinin is a compound that is related to pain sensation and lowering blood pressure in the human body.
• Bradykinin storm causes the blood vessels to expand and become leaky, leading to swelling of the surrounding tissue.