{"id":2863,"date":"2026-04-22T21:10:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:40:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=2863"},"modified":"2026-04-22T21:10:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:40:18","slug":"consider-the-following-types-of-vehicles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/prelims\/consider-the-following-types-of-vehicles","title":{"rendered":"Consider the following types of vehicles:\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. Full battery electric vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">III. Fuel cell-electric hybrid vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How many of the above are considered as&nbsp;<strong>alternative powertrain vehicles<\/strong>?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list mcq\">\n<li>Only one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only two\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All the three\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>None\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) All the three&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"alternative-powertrain-vehicles\">Alternative Powertrain Vehicles<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A powertrain is the system in a vehicle<strong>\u00a0that generates power and delivers it to the wheels, allowing the vehicle to move<\/strong>. It typically\u00a0<strong>includes the engine, transmission, and drivetrain (including axles, differentials, and drive shafts)<\/strong>. Cars and buses have powertrains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternative powertrain vehicles\u00a0are those<strong>\u00a0that\u00a0do not rely solely on conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) using petrol or diesel.\u00a0<\/strong>Instead, they\u00a0<strong>use alternative energy sources such as electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, or a combination of power sources.\u00a0<\/strong>They are more environmentally friendly and often reduce or eliminate tailpipe emissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Full Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Full Battery Electric Vehicles\u00a0<strong>operate entirely on electricity stored in high-capacity batteries.<\/strong>\u00a0These batteries are charged using external power sources like home chargers or public charging stations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BEVs have no internal combustion engine<\/strong>, meaning they do not consume petrol or diesel at all. Instead, they use an electric motor to power the wheels. This results in<strong>\u00a0zero tailpipe emissions,<\/strong>\u00a0making them environmentally friendly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common examples of BEVs include the\u00a0<strong>Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since they completely replace the traditional fuel system with electric propulsion<strong>, BEVs are considered a key category of alternative powertrain vehicles.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles generate electricity onboard by using a chemical process in a\u00a0<strong>fuel cell<\/strong>, where\u00a0<strong>hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen from the air.\u00a0<\/strong>This process produces electricity that powers an electric motor, with\u00a0<strong>only water vapor as the byproduct<\/strong>, making these vehicles\u00a0<strong>emission-free at the tailpipe.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FCEVs\u00a0<strong>do not rely on fossil fuels or internal combustion engines<\/strong>, and unlike BEVs, they do not require external charging; instead, they are refueled with compressed hydrogen gas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vehicles like the\u00a0<strong>Toyota Mirai<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Hyundai NEXO<\/strong>\u00a0are prime examples of FCEVs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because they use hydrogen fuel cells instead of conventional engines, they are\u00a0<strong>classified as alternative powertrain vehicles.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles (FCHEVs):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles\u00a0<strong>combine the technologies of fuel cell vehicles and battery-electric vehicles<\/strong>. In these vehicles, both a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery system work together to power an electric motor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The fuel cell generates electricity from hydrogen, while the battery can store energy from regenerative braking or from the fuel cell. This hybrid system provides flexibility in power delivery, better efficiency, and potentially extended driving range.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An example of such a vehicle is the\u00a0<strong>Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since these vehicles do not depend on conventional internal combustion engines and operate primarily on hydrogen and electricity, they significantly reduce environmental impact and are therefore\u00a0<strong>considered a form of alternative powertrain vehicle<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"types-of-electric-vehicles\">Types of Electric Vehicles<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There are\u00a0<strong>four types of electric vehicles available:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV):<\/strong>\u00a0Fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared to hybrid and plug-in hybrids.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hybrid Electric Vehicle:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):<\/strong>\u00a0The vehicle uses both the internal combustion (usually petrol) engine and the battery-powered motor powertrain. The petrol engine is used both to drive and charge when the battery is empty. These vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV):\u00a0<\/strong>Uses both an internal combustion engine and a battery charged from an external socket (they have a plug). This means the vehicle\u2019s battery can be charged with electricity rather than the engine. PHEVs are more efficient than HEVs but less efficient than BEVs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):<\/strong>\u00a0Electric energy is produced from chemical energy. For example, a hydrogen FCEV.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Types-of-Electric-Vehicles-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-53521\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. Full battery electric vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; II. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; III. Fuel cell-electric hybrid vehicles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How many of the above are considered as&nbsp;alternative powertrain vehicles?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Answer: (c) All the three&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Alternative Powertrain Vehicles Types of Electric Vehicles<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,1],"tags":[44],"years":[63],"class_list":["post-2863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prelims","category-upsc","tag-science-and-tech","years-63"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"},{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"}],"post_tag":[{"value":44,"label":"Science and Tech"}],"years":[{"value":63,"label":"2025"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1},{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":44,"name":"Science and Tech","slug":"science-and-tech","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":44,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":167,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2863"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2863\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2863"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=2863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}