{"id":2830,"date":"2026-04-22T19:21:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T13:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=2830"},"modified":"2026-04-22T19:21:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T13:51:40","slug":"consider-the-following-statements-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/prelims\/consider-the-following-statements-2","title":{"rendered":"Consider the following statements:\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I:<\/strong>&nbsp;At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28),&nbsp;<strong>India refrained&nbsp;<\/strong>from signing the \u2018Declaration on Climate and Health\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II:<\/strong>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<strong>COP28&nbsp;<\/strong>Declaration on Climate and Health is a&nbsp;<strong>binding declaration<\/strong>, and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonise the health sector.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement III:<\/strong>&nbsp;If India\u2019s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Which one of the following is&nbsp;<strong>correct<\/strong>&nbsp;in respect of the above statements?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list mcq\">\n<li>Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>COP28 is\u00a0the\u00a0<strong>28th annual United Nations (UN) climate meeting<\/strong>, which took place from November 30 to December 12, 2023,\u00a0<strong>in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COP stands for the\u00a0<strong>28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<\/strong>.\u00a0The conference is where governments discuss how to prepare for and\u00a0<strong>limit future climate change<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28),\u00a0<strong>India refrained from signing the \u2018Declaration on Climate and Health\u2019.\u00a0<\/strong>The declaration calls for deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to achieve health benefits, including those from lower air pollution and sustainable diets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><mark>COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health\u00a0<strong>is a non-binding, voluntary political declaration\u00a0<\/strong><\/mark>that aims to galvanize support for action on climate change and health. It\u2019s a call to action and a joint vision, not a legally enforceable treaty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At COP28,<strong>\u00a0India chose not to sign the \u201cDeclaration on Climate and Health\u201d.\u00a0<\/strong>This decision is primarily due to concerns about the\u00a0<strong>practicality of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cooling in the country\u2019s healthcare infrastructure<\/strong>, a point within the declaration. Concerns were reportedly raised about the\u00a0<strong>practicality<\/strong>\u00a0of implementing cooling-related decarbonization in a country where\u00a0<strong>access to affordable and reliable cooling<\/strong>\u00a0(especially in rural or under-resourced health facilities) is essential for resilience. India feared that rigid decarbonization efforts in such critical infrastructure might\u00a0<strong>undermine operational capacity or resilience<\/strong>, particularly in heat-prone and underserved areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-highlights-of-the-cop28\">Key Highlights of the COP28<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Loss and Damage (L&amp;D) Fund<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>COP28 countries\u00a0<strong>agreed to launch the Loss and Damage (L&amp;D)<\/strong>\u00a0fund, hosted by the\u00a0<strong>World Bank for four years<\/strong>, aligning with\u00a0<strong>UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement<\/strong>. All developing countries are eligible, and contributions are\u00a0<strong>voluntary<\/strong>, with a specific percentage earmarked for\u00a0<strong>Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Stocktake<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Global stocktake is a\u00a0<strong>process for countries to see where they\u2019re collectively making progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement<\/strong>. As per the Paris Agreement (2015), it was decided that countries would assess their progress for the\u00a0<strong>first time in 2023 and, then, every five years.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It noted that there is a need to cut 43% of GHG emissions by 2030, compared to 2019 levels, and countries are off-track in meeting their climate goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COP28 released the\u00a0<strong>fifth iteration of the Global Stocktake (GST),<\/strong>\u00a0adopting eight steps to limit global\u00a0<strong>temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C<\/strong>. These steps include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tripling\u00a0renewable energy<\/strong>\u00a0capacity by 2030 (to at least\u00a011,000 GW by 2030) and\u00a0<strong>collectively double<\/strong>\u00a0the\u00a0global energy efficiency\u00a0improvements from\u00a0<strong>around 2% to over 4%<\/strong>\u00a0every year until 2030.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phase-down of unabated coal power<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accelerating efforts globally towards\u00a0<strong>net zero by around mid-century<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accelerating zero and low emissions technologies, e.g., Nuclear, CCUS, Hydrogen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, so as to achieve net zero by 2050<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reducing non-CO2 emissions e.g., methane emissions globally by 2030<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emissions reductions from road transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Cooling Pledge<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>66 national signatories committed to a\u00a0<strong>68% reduction in cooling-related emissions by 2050<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Finance<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UNCTAD estimates that\u00a0<strong>developed nations owe developing countries $500 billion in 2025 under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)<\/strong>\u00a0for climate finance, confirmed in the Paris Agreement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The goal, starting at\u00a0<strong>$100 billion annually<\/strong>, allocates $250 billion for mitigation, $100 billion for adaptation, and $150 billion for loss and damage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>With the current $100 billion goal unmet,<\/strong>\u00a0developing countries face debt distress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) framework<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Draft text introduced to\u00a0<strong>enhance climate change adaptation<\/strong>\u00a0like Climate-Induced Water Scarcity Reduction, Climate-resilient food and Agriculture Production and Strengthening Resilience Against Climate-Related Health Impacts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Triple Nuclear Energy<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The text calls\u00a0<strong>to triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PPCA, a coalition involving\u00a0<strong>governments, businesses, and organizations,\u00a0<\/strong>focuses on transitioning from unabated coal power to clean energy. At COP28, PPCA welcomed\u00a0<strong>new national and subnational governments<\/strong>, advocating for cleaner energy alternatives.\u00a0<strong>India is not part of PPCA<\/strong>\u00a0as it has not committed to phasing out of coal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coal Transition Accelerator<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduced for\u00a0<strong>knowledge-sharing and financial support<\/strong>\u00a0in transitioning from coal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>65 national governments signed commitments for\u00a0<strong>enhanced cooperation with subnational governments<\/strong>\u00a0in climate strategies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Buildings Breakthrough Initiative<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The goal of the Buildings Breakthrough Initiative is to\u00a0<strong>make near-zero emissions and resilient buildings the new normal by 2030<\/strong>.\u00a0The initiative is\u00a0<strong>co-led by France and the Kingdom of Morocco,<\/strong>\u00a0coordinated under the umbrella of UNEP, and hosted by the\u00a0<strong>Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction<\/strong>\u00a0(Global ABC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India Led Initiatives at COP28:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It was launched at COP 28, led by the<strong>\u00a0National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)<\/strong>\u00a0under the<strong>\u00a0Ministry of Jal Shakti,<\/strong>\u00a0Government of India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The GRCA is a unique alliance covering 275+ global river-cities in 11 countries.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Partner countries include Egypt, Netherlands, Denmark, Ghana, Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Japan and river-cities of The Hague (Den Haag) from the Netherlands, Adelaide from Australia, and Szolnok of Hungary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GRCA highlights\u00a0<strong>India\u2019s role in sustainable river-centric development<\/strong>\u00a0and climate resilience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The GRCA platform will facilitate knowledge exchange, river-city twinning, and dissemination of best practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Green Credit Initiative:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>India launched the Green Credit Initiative here at COP28, to create a participatory\u00a0<strong>global platform<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>for exchange of innovative environmental programs and instruments.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are two main priorities of the initiative are<strong>\u00a0water conservation\u00a0and\u00a0afforestation.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The main purpose of this initiative is to<strong>\u00a0boost voluntary environmental activities<\/strong>\u00a0like tree plantation, water conservation,<strong>\u00a0sustainable agriculture<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>waste management<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>by incentivizing<\/strong>\u00a0it for big corporations and private companies, bringing about a change in the\u00a0<strong>climate issues<\/strong>\u00a0faced by the country.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Statement I:&nbsp;At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28),&nbsp;India refrained&nbsp;from signing the \u2018Declaration on Climate and Health\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statement II:&nbsp;The&nbsp;COP28&nbsp;Declaration on Climate and Health is a&nbsp;binding declaration, and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonise the health sector.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statement III:&nbsp;If India\u2019s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.&nbsp;&nbsp; Which&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,1],"tags":[36],"years":[63],"class_list":["post-2830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prelims","category-upsc","tag-environment","years-63"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"},{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"}],"post_tag":[{"value":36,"label":"Environment"}],"years":[{"value":63,"label":"2025"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1},{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":36,"name":"Environment","slug":"environment","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":36,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":193,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2830\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2830"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=2830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}