{"id":2627,"date":"2025-05-05T21:40:52","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T16:10:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=2627"},"modified":"2025-05-05T21:40:53","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T16:10:53","slug":"q-the-montague-chelmsford-proposals-were-related-to","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-the-montague-chelmsford-proposals-were-related-to","title":{"rendered":"Q. The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list mcq\">\n<li>social reforms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>educational reforms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reforms in police administration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>constitutional reforms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) constitutional reforms<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"montaguechelmsford-reforms-or-the-government-of-india-act-1919\">Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India act, 1919:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In line with the government policy contained in Montagu\u2019s statement (August 1917), the Government announced further\u00a0<strong>constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu- Chelmsford or Montford Reforms.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Montagu\u2013Chelmsford Reforms\u00a0were reforms introduced\u00a0<strong>by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India<\/strong>. The reforms take their name from\u00a0Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India\u00a0<strong>during the latter parts of World War I and\u00a0Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-main-features-of-the-montford-reforms\"><strong>The main features of the Montford Reforms&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(1) Provincial Government\u2014Introduction of Dyarchy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>(a) Executive:<\/strong><\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dyarchy, i.e., rule of two\u2014executive councillors and popular ministers<\/strong>\u2014was introduced. The governor was to be the executive head in the province.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Subjects were divided into two lists:<\/strong>\u00a0\u201creserved\u201d\u00a0which included subjects such as law and order, finance, land revenue, irrigation, etc., and\u00a0\u201ctransferred\u201d\u00a0subjects such as education, health, local government, industry, agriculture, excise, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The \u201creserved\u201d subjects were to be administered by the governor through his executive council of bureaucrats, and the \u201ctransferred\u201d subjects were to be administered by ministers nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ministers were to be responsible to the legislature and had to resign if a no-confidence motion was passed against them by the legislature, while the executive councilors were not to be responsible to the legislature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In case of failure of constitutional machinery in the province the governor could take over the administration of \u201ctransferred\u201d subjects also.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The secretary of state and the governor-general could interfere in respect of \u201creserved\u201d subjects while in respect of the \u201ctransferred\u201d subjects; the scope for their interference was restricted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>(b) Legislature:<\/strong><\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provincial Legislative Councils were further expanded\u2014<strong>70% of the members were to be elected.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Women were also given the right to vote.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Legislative Councils could initiate legislation but the governor\u2019s assent was required. The governor could veto bills and issue ordinances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Legislative Councils could reject the budget but the governor could restore it, if necessary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The legislators enjoyed freedom of speech.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(2) Central Government\u2014Still Without Responsible Government:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>(a) Executive:<\/strong><\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There were to be\u00a0<strong>two lists for administration\u2013\u00a0central\u00a0and\u00a0provincial.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In the viceroy\u2019s executive council of 8,\u00a0three\u00a0were to be\u00a0Indians.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The governor-general retained full control over the \u201creserved\u201d subjects in the provinces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The governor-general could restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by the Central Legislature,summon, prorogue, dissolve the Chambers, and issue ordinances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>(b) Legislature:<\/strong><\/em>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>bicameral\u00a0arrangement was introduced<\/strong>. The\u00a0<strong>lower house or Central Legislative Assembly<\/strong>\u00a0would consist of 144 members (41 nominated and 103 elected\u201452 General, 30 Muslims, 2 Sikhs, 20 Special)\u00a0<strong>and the upper house or Council of State<\/strong>\u00a0would have 60 members (26 nominated and 34 elected\u201420 General, 10 Muslims, 3 Europeans and 1 Sikh).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Council of State had tenure of 5 years and had only male members, while the Central Legislative Assembly had tenure of 3 years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The legislators could ask questions and supplementaries pass adjournment motions and vote a part of the budget, but 75% of the budget was still not votable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some Indians found their way into important committees including finance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The secretary of state would control affairs relating to Government of India<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 1921 another change recommended by the report was carried out when elected local councils were set up in rural areas, and during the 1920s urban municipal corporations were made more democratic and \u201cIndianized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(3) Review:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The Montagu-Chelmsford report stated that there should be a review after 10 years.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sir John\u00a0Simon\u00a0headed the committee (Simon Commission) responsible for the review which recommended further constitutional change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Three round table conferences were held in London in 1930, 1931 and 1932<\/strong>\u00a0with representation of the major interests.\u00a0<strong>Gandhi attended the 1931 round table after negotiations with the British Government<\/strong>. The major disagreement between Congress and the British was separate electorates for each community which Congress opposed but which were retained in Ramsay MacDonald\u2019s Communal Award.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A new Government of India Act 1935 was passed continuing the move towards self-government first made in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Answer: (d) constitutional reforms Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India act, 1919: The main features of the Montford Reforms&nbsp; (1) Provincial Government\u2014Introduction of Dyarchy: (2) Central Government\u2014Still Without Responsible Government: (3) Review:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[42],"years":[57],"class_list":["post-2627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-modern-history","years-57"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":42,"label":"Modern History"}],"years":[{"value":57,"label":"2016"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":42,"name":"Modern History","slug":"modern-history","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":42,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":87,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2627"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2627\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2627"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=2627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}