{"id":2568,"date":"2025-05-04T19:20:32","date_gmt":"2025-05-04T13:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=2568"},"modified":"2025-05-04T19:20:33","modified_gmt":"2025-05-04T13:50:33","slug":"q-regarding-the-taxation-system-of-krishna-deva-the-ruler-of-vijayanagar-consider-the-following-statements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-regarding-the-taxation-system-of-krishna-deva-the-ruler-of-vijayanagar-consider-the-following-statements","title":{"rendered":"Q. Regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva, the ruler of Vijayanagar, consider the following statements:"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Private owners of workshops paid an industries tax.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list mcq\">\n<li>1 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both 1 and 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neither 1 nor 2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"notes-hd-6816cb20d5462\">Notes:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vijayanagara rulers followed an\u00a0<strong>oppressive taxation policy.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The prosperity of the empire can be explained through their taxation principles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The land tax was the major source of revenue during the period of the Vijayanagar kingdom.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During the reign of Krishna Devaraya the\u00a0<strong>rate was fixed between one third and one-sixth depending on the quality of the land<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Besides land tax, there were also taxes imposed on shopkeepers, farm servants, workmen, posters, shoemakers, musicians etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Grazing and house taxes were also imposed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commercial taxes consisting of levies, duties and customs on manufactured articles of trade were also levied.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Private owners of workshops also paid an industry tax.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"land-and-income-rights\">Land and income rights:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rice<\/strong>\u00a0was the staple crop. Both black and white variety of rice, gram and pulses, spices (specially black pepper) coconut and betel-nuts were important items of production.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Land-revenue was the major source of state\u2019s income:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rate of\u00a0<strong>revenue demand varied<\/strong>\u00a0in different parts of the empire and in the same locality itself\u00a0<strong>according to the fertility and regional location of the land<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>It was generally 1\/6th of the produce, but in some cases it was even more ranging up to 1\/4th.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>But on\u00a0<strong>Brahmans<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>temples<\/strong>\u00a0it was\u00a0<strong>1\/20th to 1\/30th<\/strong>\u00a0respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to\u00a0an inscription, the\u00a0<strong>rates of taxes<\/strong>\u00a0were as follows:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>One-third of the produce of\u00a0<strong>kuruvai (a type of rice)<\/strong>\u00a0during winter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One-fourth of seasame, ragi, horsegram, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One-sixth of millet and other crops cultivated on dry land.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, the rate varied according to the type of crops, soil, method of irrigation, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was<strong>\u00a0payable both in cash and kind<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We find references to\u00a0<strong>three major categories of land tenure which\u00a0<\/strong>indicate the<strong>\u00a0way in which the village income was distributed<\/strong>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bhandaravada:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The bhandarvada was a<strong>\u00a0crown village<\/strong>\u00a0comprising the\u00a0<strong>smallest\u00a0<\/strong>category.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A part of its income was utilised to maintain the Vijaynagar forts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Manya<\/strong>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Income from the\u00a0<strong>manya\u00a0<\/strong>(tax-free) villages was\u00a0<strong>used to maintain the Brahmans, temples, and mathas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The manya rights\u00a0<strong>underwent a transformation<\/strong>\u00a0during this period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Land tenures continued to be given by the state to individual (ekabhogan) Brahmans and groups of Brahmans as well as to mathas including the non- Brahman Saiva Siddhanta and Vaishnava gurus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But there was a\u00a0<strong>great increase in devadana grants<\/strong>\u00a0(conferred on temples) made by the state as compared to other grants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Amara:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The largest category was of the\u00a0<strong>amara villages<\/strong>\u00a0given by the Vijaynagar rulers\u00a0<strong>to the amaranayakas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their\u00a0<strong>holders did not possess proprietary rights in land but enjoyed -privileges over its income only<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The amara tenure was\u00a0<strong>primarily residual<\/strong>\u00a0in the sense that its\u00a0<strong>income was distributed after deductions had been made for support of the Brahmans and forts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Three-quarters\u00a0<\/strong>of all the villages came under this category.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The term\u00a0<strong>amaramakni\u00a0<\/strong>is considered by most historians as referring to an \u2018estate\u2019 or a \u2018fief, but it\u00a0<strong>literally means one-sixteenth share<\/strong>\u00a0(makani). Thus, it points to the fact that the\u00a0<strong>amaranayakas<\/strong>\u00a0could claim only a limited share of village income.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Other taxes:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Besides land-tax,\u00a0<strong>many professional taxes<\/strong>\u00a0also were imposed. These were on\u00a0<strong>shopkeepers<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>farm-servants<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>shepherds<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>washermen<\/strong>, potters, shoemakers, musicians etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There was\u00a0<strong>also tax on property<\/strong>, g<strong>razing\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>house taxes<\/strong>\u00a0were also imposed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Villagers\u00a0<\/strong>were also supposed to pay\u00a0<strong>for the maintenance of the village officers<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sthala dayam, mara dayam and manula dayam were three major\u00a0<strong>transit dues<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Other taxes:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>tax on sale of produce,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>military contribution (in times of distress),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tax on marriage, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Another category of land right<\/strong>\u00a0through which income was derived was a result of\u00a0<strong>investment in irrigation<\/strong>. It was called\u00a0<strong>dasavanda\u00a0<\/strong>in Tamil country; and\u00a0<strong>Kathu-Kodage<\/strong>\u00a0in Andhra and Karnataka.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As village self-rule declined, there was the growth of a class of locally powerful people who used their position for developing agriculture by providing\u00a0<strong>additional irrigation facilities<\/strong>\u00a0for which an extra charge was made.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Many temples, which enjoyed rent-free villages, also used their resources for this purpose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usually\u00a0<strong>undertaken in semi-dry<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>areas<\/strong>\u00a0where\u00a0<strong>hydrographic\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>topographic features were conducive<\/strong>\u00a0for carrying out developmental projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>dasavanda\u00a0<\/strong>or<strong>\u00a0Kattu-Kodage<\/strong>\u00a0was\u00a0<strong>a share in the increased productivity of the land<\/strong>\u00a0earned by the person who undertake such developmental work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A portion of income\u00a0accruing from the increased productivity also went to the cultivators of the village where the developmental work was undertaken.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This right to income was<strong>\u00a0personal and transferable<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct? Answer:&nbsp;(c) Both 1 and 2 Notes: Land and income rights:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[41],"years":[57],"class_list":["post-2568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-medieval-history","years-57"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":41,"label":"Medieval History"}],"years":[{"value":57,"label":"2016"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":41,"name":"Medieval History","slug":"medieval-history","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":41,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":38,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2568"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2568"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=2568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}