{"id":1550,"date":"2024-02-18T15:32:59","date_gmt":"2024-02-18T10:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=1550"},"modified":"2024-04-03T07:01:06","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T01:31:06","slug":"q-recombinant-dna-technology-genetic-engineering-allows-genes-to-be-transferred","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-recombinant-dna-technology-genetic-engineering-allows-genes-to-be-transferred","title":{"rendered":"Q.\u00a0Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Across different species of plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From animals to plants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From microorganisms to higher organisms<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Select the correct answer using the codes given below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"mcq wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 and 3 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 and 3 only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1, 2 and 3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"recombinant-dna-technology\">Recombinant DNA Technology<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Recombinant DNA technology (RDT),&nbsp;<\/strong>often referred to as&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/genetic-engineering-upsc\/\">Genetic Engineering<\/a>,&nbsp;<\/strong>is an in-vitro (lab) method of manipulating genes (DNA fragments) by using a set of tools and techniques. The primary aim of RDT is to produce<strong>&nbsp;\u201cTransgene (recombinant DNA)<\/strong>&nbsp;and its product (recombinant protein), to be applied across different fields of biotechnology.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The RDT is a continuously evolving technology due to the advancement in its tools and techniques, such as the discovery of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/genetic-engineering-upsc\/\">CRISPR-Cas9<\/a>&nbsp;gene editing tool.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Process involved in Recombinant DNA Technology:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recombinant DNA technology undergoes through the following steps:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Isolation of Genetic Material:&nbsp;<\/strong>The extraction of genetic material is performed from the source organism\u2019s DNA, such as bacteria, plants, or animals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Selection of a Suitable Cloning Vector:<\/strong>&nbsp;Vectors are carrier molecules used to introduce rDNA into a host organism.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plasmids<\/strong>, which are small, circular DNA molecules, are commonly used vectors. They can replicate independently within a host cell, allowing for the propagation of the foreign DNA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The vectors can also be&nbsp;<strong>non-self replicating&nbsp;<\/strong>(for example, viral vectors).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations:<\/strong>&nbsp;It uses the specialized enzymes known as&nbsp;<strong>restriction endonucleases<\/strong>&nbsp;(RE) or&nbsp;<strong>restriction enzymes,<\/strong>&nbsp;which recognize specific DNA sequences (recognition sites) and cleave the DNA at those precise locations.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The RE cuts the&nbsp;<strong>target DNA as well as Plasmid<\/strong>, producing \u201csticky ends\u201d that are complementary to each other.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Joining of DNA Fragments by Ligation:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The isolated DNA fragments are combined with a vector, which is typically a plasmid or a viral genome modified to accept foreign DNA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNA ligase is used to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds, effectively sealing the gaps and fusing the DNA fragments with the vector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Now the rDNA is ready for gene transfer (for in-vivo gene cloning) or for the PCR.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gene Transfer:&nbsp;<\/strong>There are several methods which are employed in the process of Gene Transfer- physical, chemical, and biological. RDT uses the biological means of gene transfer.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Physical methods: Gene gun&nbsp;<\/strong>or Biolistics,<strong>&nbsp;Electroporation, Microinjection<\/strong>, etc., which make the direct entry of the rDNA into the host\u2019s cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical methods:<\/strong>&nbsp;Using&nbsp;<strong>Lipofection, calcium phosphate<\/strong>, etc. make it easier for the rDNA to enter into the host\u2019s cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biological methods:&nbsp;<\/strong>This is an indirect method of gene transfer, using vectors (for example, bacteria) as a means.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gene Cloning:&nbsp;<\/strong>Once inside the host, the rDNA replicates itself independently (due to self-replicating&nbsp;<strong>plasmid)<\/strong>. This is called Gene Cloning. It can also be done using the PCRmethod for amplifying a gene of interest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):&nbsp;<\/strong>PCR is a tool that allows for the amplification of the target DNA sequences outside the cell. It needs much less time than the traditional cloning methods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Selection and Screening of Transformed Cells:&nbsp;<\/strong>This step involves identifying and isolating cells that have successfully taken up the<strong>&nbsp;recombinant DNA<\/strong>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Selectable markers<\/strong>, such as&nbsp;<strong>antibiotic resistance genes<\/strong>&nbsp;carried by the vector, are often used to distinguish transformed cells from non-transformed ones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Validation of Recombinant DNA Integration:&nbsp;<\/strong>To ensure that the recombinant DNA has integrated into the host genome as intended, various techniques may be employed.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For example,<strong>&nbsp;nucleic acid hybridization, blue-white screening<\/strong>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recombinant DNA Technology stands as a cornerstone of modern science with far-reaching applications across numerous fields.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Advancement in Medicine<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It enables the production of vital&nbsp;<strong>biopharmaceuticals<\/strong>, particularly&nbsp;<strong>therapeutic proteins<\/strong>&nbsp;like&nbsp;<strong>insulin<\/strong>, growth hormone, and clotting factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Customized Therapeutics<\/strong>&nbsp;enables the production of personalised medicines tailored to an individual\u2019s genetic makeup, leading to more effective and targeted treatments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gene Therapy:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It offers the potential to treat genetic disorders by replacing or repairing&nbsp;<strong>faulty genes.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is helpful in treating a wide range of diseases, like&nbsp;<strong>cystic fibrosis<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>muscular dystrophy<\/strong>, and certain types of&nbsp;<strong>cancer<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Recombinant Vaccines:<\/strong>&nbsp;RDT can be used to develop&nbsp;<strong>vaccines&nbsp;<\/strong>for a variety of diseases, using vectors like bacteria, yeasts, viruses (phage), etc.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immunotherapy:&nbsp;<\/strong>RDT contributes to the development of&nbsp;<strong>immunotherapies&nbsp;<\/strong>for example,&nbsp;<strong>T-cell therapy<\/strong>, which harnesses the body\u2019s own immune system to target and&nbsp;<strong>destroy cancer cells.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Agricultural Advancements:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is used to cultivate&nbsp;<strong>Genetically modified (GM) crops<\/strong>&nbsp;that have transformed agriculture. Example:&nbsp;<strong>BT cotton<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These crops possess traits like&nbsp;<strong>pest resistance<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>drought tolerance<\/strong>, and improved&nbsp;<strong>nutritional content<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bioremediation and Environmental Protection:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Environmental biotechnology indicates that&nbsp;<strong>Genetically-modified&nbsp;<\/strong>microbes such as bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi can&nbsp;<strong>remove heavy metals<\/strong>&nbsp;from aqueous solutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For example,<strong>&nbsp;Escherichia coli strain JM109<\/strong>&nbsp;has the ability to&nbsp;<strong>remove mercury<\/strong>&nbsp;from contaminated water or soil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Targeted Drug Delivery:&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It enables the design and production of drug-delivery systems that can precisely target specific tissues or cells within the body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This increases the effectiveness of treatments while minimizing side effects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Molecular diagnosis (RDT plus PCR):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It plays a critical role in diagnostic techniques, allowing for the detection of specific DNA sequences associated with diseases or pathogens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is helpful in early detection and monitoring of various conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Industrial Applications:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is used in the production of recombinant enzymes to produce&nbsp;<strong>sugar<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>cheese,&nbsp;<\/strong>biofuels, important chemicals, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Process-involved-in-Recombinant-DNA-Technology-1024x577.jpeg\" alt=\"Process involved in Recombinant DNA Technology\" class=\"wp-image-48375\" title=\"\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">recombinant-dna-technology<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3 Recombinant DNA Technology<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[44],"years":[60],"class_list":["post-1550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-science-and-tech","years-60"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":44,"label":"Science and Tech"}],"years":[{"value":60,"label":"2013"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":44,"name":"Science and Tech","slug":"science-and-tech","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":44,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":167,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1550"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1568,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1550\/revisions\/1568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1550"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=1550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}