{"id":1476,"date":"2024-02-18T13:30:58","date_gmt":"2024-02-18T08:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=1476"},"modified":"2024-04-03T07:08:05","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T01:38:05","slug":"q-h1n1-virus-is-sometimes-mentioned-in-the-news-with-reference-to-which-one-of-the-following-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-h1n1-virus-is-sometimes-mentioned-in-the-news-with-reference-to-which-one-of-the-following-diseases","title":{"rendered":"Q.\u00a0H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"mcq wp-block-list\">\n<li>AIDS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bird flu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(Dengue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Swine flu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>(d) Swine flu<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"influenza-a-virus-subtype-h1n1\"><strong>Influenza A virus subtype H1N1<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In virology,&nbsp;<strong>influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A\/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Swine flu (H1N1)<\/strong>&nbsp;is an infection that a type of flu (influenza) virus.&nbsp;<strong>It\u2019s called swine flu because it\u2019s similar to a flu virus that affects pigs (swine).<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The virus leads to a lung (respiratory) disease in pigs. Swine flu (H1N1) is a respiratory infection in humans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the&nbsp;<strong>1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the 1977 Russian flu pandemic and the 2009 swine flu pandemic.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the&nbsp;<strong>glycoproteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)<\/strong>, antigens whose subtypes are used to classify the strains of the virus as&nbsp;<strong>H1N1, H1N2<\/strong>&nbsp;etc.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hemagglutinin causes&nbsp;<strong>red blood cells<\/strong>&nbsp;to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza, for instance in 2004\u20132005.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in&nbsp;<strong>pigs (swine influenza)<\/strong>&nbsp;and in&nbsp;<strong>birds (avian influenza).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Types-of-Influenza-Virus-1024x674.webp\" alt=\"Types of Influenza Virus\" class=\"wp-image-47884\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bird flu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avian influenza,<strong>&nbsp;often referred to as bird flu,<\/strong>&nbsp;is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects&nbsp;<strong>birds<\/strong>, particularly&nbsp;<strong>wild birds and domestic poultry.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 1996, highly<strong>&nbsp;pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus<\/strong>&nbsp;was first identified in domestic waterfowl in Southern China. The virus is named&nbsp;<strong>A\/goose\/Guangdong\/1\/1996.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transmission to Humans and Related Symptoms:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Human cases of<strong>&nbsp;H5N1<\/strong>&nbsp;avian influenza occur occasionally, but it is difficult to transmit the infection from person to person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As per&nbsp;<strong>World Health Organisation(WHO)<\/strong>, when people do become infected,&nbsp;<strong>the mortality rate is about 60%.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Avian Influenza and India:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Initial Outbreak:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The initial outbreak of<strong>&nbsp;Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in India occurred in 2006 in Navapur, Maharashtra,<\/strong>&nbsp;and was followed by annual outbreaks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H5N8 was first observed in India in November 2016<\/strong>, mainly affecting wild birds across five states, with<strong>&nbsp;Kerala reporting the most cases.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The disease has been reported in&nbsp;<strong>24 states and union territories,<\/strong>&nbsp;resulting in the culling of over 9 million birds to control its spread.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Related Initiative:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>India\u2019s approach to controlling Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) follows a&nbsp;<strong>\u201cdetect and cull\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;policy as outlined in the&nbsp;<strong>National Action Plan for Prevention, Control, and Containment of Avian Influenza (revised \u2013 2021)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Treatment:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antivirals have demonstrated effectiveness in the<strong>&nbsp;treatment of avian influenza virus infections<\/strong>&nbsp;in humans, lowering severity and the risk of death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hiv\">HIV<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)&nbsp;<\/strong>is caused by the&nbsp;<strong>human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HIV stands for<strong>&nbsp;Human Immunodeficiency Virus<\/strong>, which is a virus that attacks the&nbsp;<strong>immune system<\/strong>&nbsp;in the human body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It primarily<strong>&nbsp;targets and damages CD4 immune cells<\/strong>, which are essential for the&nbsp;<strong>body\u2019s ability to fight infections and diseases.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Over time, HIV weakens the immune system, leaving the body&nbsp;<strong>vulnerable to opportunistic infections and&nbsp;cancers.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transmission:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HIV is primarily spread through the exchange of certain bodily fluids such as&nbsp;<strong>blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Severity:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If left untreated, the virus destroys a person\u2019s immune system and they are said to be in the&nbsp;<strong>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome stage (AIDS)<\/strong>&nbsp;where they get&nbsp;<strong>several opportunistic infections that may result in death.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cure:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Although there are<strong>&nbsp;no cures for the infection at present,<\/strong>&nbsp;the disease can be managed using&nbsp;<strong>antiretroviral therapy.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These medicines suppress the replication of the virus within the body,&nbsp;<strong>allowing the number of CD4 immune cells to bounce back.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dengue\">Dengue<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dengue is a self-limiting febrile illness with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dengue is a&nbsp;<strong>mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus (Genus Flavivirus)<\/strong>, transmitted by several species of female mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally<strong>&nbsp;Aedes aegypti.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This mosquito also transmits&nbsp;<strong>chikungunya&nbsp;and&nbsp;Zika infection.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Serotypes of Dengue:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes (separate groups within a species of microorganisms that all share a similar characteristic) of the virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Symptoms:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sudden high fever, severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, severe bone, joint, and muscle pain, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dengue Vaccine:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The dengue vaccine CYD-TDV or&nbsp;<strong>Dengvaxia<\/strong>&nbsp;was approved by the US Food &amp; Drug Administration in 2019, the first dengue vaccine to get the regulatory nod in the US.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dengvaxia<\/strong>&nbsp;is basically<strong>&nbsp;a live, attenuated dengue virus<\/strong>&nbsp;which has to be administered in people of ages 9 to 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and who live in endemic areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Researchers at&nbsp;<strong>India\u2019s National Centre for Biological Sciences<\/strong>, in collaboration with nine other institutions in India, Africa, and the US, have developed India\u2019s<strong>&nbsp;first and only&nbsp;DNA vaccine<\/strong>&nbsp;candidate for dengue fever.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In preliminary trials on mice, the candidate generated a robust immune response and improved survival rates after exposure to the disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Controlling Dengue Using Bacteria:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Researchers from the World Mosquito Program have<strong>&nbsp;used mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia bacteria to successfully control dengue, leading to a 77% reduction in incidence in Indonesia.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Answer:&nbsp;(d) Swine flu Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Bird flu HIV Dengue<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[44],"years":[58],"class_list":["post-1476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-science-and-tech","years-58"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":44,"label":"Science and 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