{"id":1329,"date":"2024-02-17T18:12:21","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T12:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=1329"},"modified":"2024-04-03T07:16:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T01:46:26","slug":"q-in-the-context-of-recent-advances-of-human-reproductive-technology-pronuclear-transfer-is-used-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-in-the-context-of-recent-advances-of-human-reproductive-technology-pronuclear-transfer-is-used-for","title":{"rendered":"Q.\u00a0In the context of recent advances of human reproductive technology, \u201cPronuclear Transfer\u201d is used for"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"mcq wp-block-list\">\n<li>fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>genetic modification of sperm producing cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>development of stem cells into functional embryos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pronuclear-transfer\"><strong>Pronuclear Transfer<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In pronuclear transfer, the&nbsp;<strong>mother\u2019s egg is first fertilized with the father\u2019s sperm, producing a zygote<\/strong>. The&nbsp;<strong>pronuclei of the egg and sperm are then removed from the zygote and inserted into a donor egg<\/strong>&nbsp;that has been fertilized and has had its own nucleus removed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pronuclear Transfer<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It&nbsp;involves the&nbsp;<strong>transfer of pronuclei from one zygote to another.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This technique first requires fertilisation of healthy donated egg\/eggs provided by the mitochondrial donor&nbsp;with the intending male parent sperm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The intending mother\u2019s affected oocytes are fertilised with the intending father\u2019s sperm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thereafter, both sets of fertilised oocytes are allowed to develop to the early zygote stage where the pronuclei are visible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The pronuclei of zygotes formed from donated oocytes are removed within a karyoplast using micromanipulation equipment, and then it is discarded.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The resulting zygotes contain nuclear DNA from each of the intending parents and a donor\u2019s mtDNA.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The zygote is then implanted into the mother\u2019s uterus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This offspring&nbsp;produced from the genetic material of one man and two women are also referred to as&nbsp;<strong>Three-parent baby.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are&nbsp;various approaches that could help women to overcome infertility and could prevent the transmission to their offspring of potentially debilitating mitochondrial diseases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pronuclear transfer reduces the effects of mutations that occur in the DNA of cellular organelles known as mitochondria.&nbsp;<\/strong>Hence, this technology&nbsp;is used for the prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Pronuclear-Transfer-Technique.png\" alt=\"pronuclear transfer\" class=\"wp-image-47411\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pronuclear-transfer.jpeg\" alt=\"pronuclear transfer\" class=\"wp-image-47412\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"assisted-reproductive-technology\">Assisted Reproductive Technology<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to medical procedures used&nbsp;<strong>to help&nbsp;individuals or couples conceive a child.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It involves various techniques, such as<strong>&nbsp;in vitro fertilization (IVF)<\/strong>,<strong>&nbsp;intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)<\/strong>, Gamete Donation, Intrauterine Insemination, Pre-implantation Genetic Testing, Surrogacy, Altruistic Surrogacy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ART is often used by individuals or couples facing<strong>&nbsp;fertility challenges,<\/strong>&nbsp;including&nbsp;<strong>infertility, genetic disorders, or reproductive system abnormalities.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ART procedures typically involve the manipulation of sperm, eggs, or embryos in a laboratory setting before transferring them to the woman\u2019s uterus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal Provisions:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology Act) Regulation 2021<\/strong>&nbsp;provides<strong>&nbsp;a system for the implementation of the law on surrogacy by setting up of the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Act aims&nbsp;<strong>at the regulation and supervision of ART clinics and assisted reproductive technology banks<\/strong>, prevention of misuse, and safe and ethical practice of ART services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"surrogacy\">Surrogacy<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Surrogacy is an&nbsp;<strong>arrangement in which a woman (the surrogate) agrees to carry and give birth to a child on behalf of another person or couple&nbsp;<\/strong>(the intended parent\/s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A surrogate, sometimes also called a&nbsp;<strong>gestational carrier<\/strong>, is a woman who conceives, carries and gives birth to a child for another person or couple (intended parent\/s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Altruistic surrogacy:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It involves&nbsp;<strong>no monetary compensation&nbsp;<\/strong>to the surrogate mother other than the medical expenses and insurance coverage during the pregnancy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Commercial surrogacy:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It includes surrogacy or its related procedures undertaken for a&nbsp;<strong>monetary benefit or reward<\/strong>&nbsp;(in cash or kind) exceeding the basic medical expenses and insurance coverage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, a woman who is a widow or a divorcee between the&nbsp;<strong>age of 35 to 45 years<\/strong>&nbsp;or a couple,<strong>&nbsp;defined as a legally married woman and man, can avail of surrogacy<\/strong>&nbsp;if they have a medical condition necessitating this option.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also<strong>&nbsp;bans commercial surrogacy, which is punishable with a jail term of 10 years and a fine of up to Rs 10 lakhs.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The&nbsp;<strong>law allows only altruistic surrogacy<\/strong>&nbsp;where no money exchanges hands and where a surrogate mother is genetically related to those seeking a child.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Answer: (d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring Pronuclear Transfer Assisted Reproductive Technology Surrogacy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[44],"years":[53],"class_list":["post-1329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-science-and-tech","years-53"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":44,"label":"Science and 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