{"id":1250,"date":"2024-02-17T15:51:46","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T10:21:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/?p=1250"},"modified":"2024-04-03T07:21:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T01:51:14","slug":"q-consider-the-following-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/upsc\/q-consider-the-following-5","title":{"rendered":"Q. Consider the following :"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aerosols<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foam agents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fire retardants<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lubricants<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the making of how many of the above are&nbsp;<strong>hydrofluorocarbons<\/strong>&nbsp;used?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"mcq wp-block-list\">\n<li>Only one<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only two<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only three<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All four<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All four<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hydrofluorocarbons-hfcs\">Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are&nbsp;<strong>man-made chemicals<\/strong>&nbsp;that are used in a variety of products, including aerosols, foam agents, fire retardants, and lubricants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) are&nbsp;<strong>potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that have global warming potentials that range from hundreds to thousands of times that of carbon dioxide<\/strong>. They are the fastest growing GHGs emitted globally, and their use is&nbsp;<strong>regulated by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/quiz\/upsc-prelims-research-environment-2015\/\">Montreal Protocol<\/a>&nbsp;on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Under the United Nations Environment Programme\u2019s Montreal Protocol,&nbsp;<strong>chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were recognized as ozone depletion substances (ODS)<\/strong>. Hydrofluorocarbons were developed to be substitutes for these ODS; however, HFCs were recognized as potent GHGs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uses<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aerosols<\/strong>: HFCs are used as propellants in aerosol cans. They are also used as solvents in aerosol products, such as hairspray and deodorant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Foam agents:<\/strong>&nbsp;HFCs are used to make foams, such as polyurethane foam and polystyrene foam. Foams are used in a variety of products, including insulation, packaging, and furniture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fire retardants<\/strong>: HFCs are used to make fire retardants, which are chemicals that are used to slow down or stop the spread of fire. Fire retardants are used in a variety of products, including clothing, furniture, and construction materials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lubricants<\/strong>: HFCs are used to make lubricants, which are substances that are used to reduce friction and wear. Lubricants are used in a variety of products, including engines, gears, and bearings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HFCs are also used in a variety of other products, including air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Hydrofluorocarbons-HFC-1024x724.jpeg\" alt=\"Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)\" class=\"wp-image-41644\" title=\"\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"kigali-agreement\"><strong>Kigali Agreement<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After coming into force in 1989, the Montreal Protocol has undergone many amendments. The Kigali Amendment is the 8th amendment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It happened during the 28th Meeting of Parties when the 197 member countries signed the agreement to amend the Montreal Protocol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is so named because it happened in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda in October 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the terms of the Amendment, the&nbsp;<strong>signing countries are expected to decrease the manufacture and usage of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by about 80-85% from their baselines until 2045<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This will curb global warming (by arresting global average temperature rise to 0.5 degrees Celsius) by the year 2100.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer entered into force on 1st January 2019, following ratification by the required number of countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The agreement aims to phase down HFCs by reducing its manufacture and consumption.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HFCs are used as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) since they (HFCs) do not have any impact on the depletion of the ozone layer. However, HFCs are powerful&nbsp;greenhouse gases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Montreal Protocol is made even more potent in the fight against greenhouse gases with the Kigali Amendment.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the making of how many of the above are&nbsp;hydrofluorocarbons&nbsp;used? Answer: (d) All four Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Kigali Agreement<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[44],"years":[50],"class_list":["post-1250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-upsc","category-prelims","tag-science-and-tech","years-50"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"UPSC"},{"value":3,"label":"Prelims"}],"post_tag":[{"value":44,"label":"Science and Tech"}],"years":[{"value":50,"label":"2023"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"LotusArise","author_link":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/author\/team-lotusarise"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"UPSC","slug":"upsc","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1269,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":1269,"category_description":"","cat_name":"UPSC","category_nicename":"upsc","category_parent":0},{"term_id":3,"name":"Prelims","slug":"prelims","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":1,"count":1251,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":1251,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Prelims","category_nicename":"prelims","category_parent":1}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":44,"name":"Science and Tech","slug":"science-and-tech","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":44,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":167,"filter":"raw"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1250","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1250"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1259,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1250\/revisions\/1259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1250"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1250"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1250"},{"taxonomy":"years","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/qna\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/years?post=1250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}